Mathematics Classes,I.Sc(XI-XII),IIT-JEE(Main/Adv.),Safakhana Road Dumraon

"Thermometry, calorimetry, and mean body temperature during heat stress. Author information: ... However, in the absence of calorimetric methods, thermometry is often used to estimate the change in body heat content".

Hydrostatics is defined as that branch of physics, which has to do with the pressure and equilibrium of water and other liquids. Liquids at rest present far simpler problems to solve than those of fluid dynamics, since individual fluid elements do not move relative to others in the fluid body, therefore shear forces are not involved and all pressure forces are normal to the fluid elements surfaces. Following the criteria that fluid elements should not move relative to one another, hydrostatics can be extended to systems of relative equilibrium , where elements have no relative motion although the body of liquid may be moving as a whole. The following will be briefly described: pressure variation in compressible and incompressible liquids; forces on planes; stability of floating and submerged bodies; relative equilibrium; and manometry.

If you have been following along since the beginning of this lesson, then you have been developing a progressively sophisticated understanding of temperature and heat. You should be developing a model of matter as consisting of particles which vibrate (wiggle about a fixed position), translate (move from one location to another) and even rotate (revolve about an imaginary axis). These motions give the particles kinetic energy. Temperature is a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy possessed by the particles in a sample of matter. The more the particles vibrate, translate and rotate, the greater the temperature of the object. You have hopefully adopted an understanding of heat as a flow of energy from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object. It is the temperature difference between the two neighboring objects that causes this heat transfer. The heat transfer continues until the two objects have reached thermal equilibrium and are at the same temperature. The ...

Hydrodynamics:-"The scientific study of the motion of fluids, especially noncompressible liquids, under the influence of internal and external forces. Hydrodynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics and has many applications in engineering. Compare aerodynamics hydrostatics"

Oscillations:-"Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. The term vibration is precisely used to describe mechanical oscillation".

Surface Tension "The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for the phenomenon known as surface tension. The molecules at the surface do not have other like molecules on all sides of them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those directly associated with them on the surface. This forms a surface "film" which makes it more difficult to move an object through the surface than to move it when it is completely submersed". Surface tension is typically measured in dynes/cm, the force in dynes required to break a film of length 1 cm. Equivalently, it can be stated as surface energy in ergs per square centimeter. Water at 20°C has a surface tension of 72.8 dynes/cm compared to 22.3 for ethyl alcohol and 465 for mercury.